Launch RStudio (and, therefore, R).
Notice the default panes:
FYI: you can change the default location of the panes: http://www.rstudio.com/ide/docs/using/customizing#pane-layout
Go into the Console, where we interact with the live R process.
Make an assignment and then inspect the object you just created.
x <- 3 * 4
x## [1] 12All R statements where you create objects -- "assignments" -- have this form:
objectName <- valueand in my head I hear, e.g., "x gets 12".
You will make lots of assignments and the operator <- is a pain to type. Don't be lazy and use =, although it would work, because it will just sow confusion later. Instead, utilize RStudio's keyboard shortcut:
Notice that RStudio automagically surrounds <- with spaces, which demonstrates a useful code formatting practice. Code is miserable to read on a good day. Give your eyes a break and use spaces.
RStudio offers many handy keyboard shortcuts.
Object names cannot start with a digit and cannot contain certain other characters such as a comma or a space. You will be wise to adopt a convention for demarcating words in names. (Someone even wrote an article about this in the R Journal!)
iUseCamelCase
other.people.use.periods
even_others_use_underscoresMake another assignment
thisIsAReallyLongName <- 2.5To inspect this newly created object, try out RStudio's completion facility: type the first few characters, press TAB, add characters until you disambiguate, then press return. Tab completion, which is offered here by the RStudio IDE, is extremely helpful. Exploit this whenever possible for maximum efficiency and minimum aggravation.
Make another assignment
jennyRocks <- 2^3Let's try to inspect:
jennyrocks## Error: object 'jennyrocks' not foundjenyRocks## Error: object 'jenyRocks' not foundFigure out for yourself why the above does not work.
Implicit contract with the computer / scripting language: Computer will do tedious computation for you. In return, you will be completely precise in your instructions. Typos matter. Case matters. Get better at typing.
R has a mind-blowing collection of built-in functions that are accessed like so
functionName(arg1 = val1, arg2 = val2, and so on)Let's try using seq() which helps make regular sequences of numbers and, while we're at it, demo more helpful features of RStudio.
Type se and hit TAB. A pop up shows you possible completions. Specify seq() by typing more to disambiguate or using the up/down arrows to select. Notice the floating tool-tip-type help that pops up, reminding you of a function's arguments. If you want even more help, press F1 as directed to get the full documentation in the help tab of the lower right pane. Now open the parentheses and notice the automatic addition of the closing parenthesis and the placement of cursor in the middle. Type the arguments 1,10 and hit return. RStudio also exits the parenthetical expression for you. IDEs are great.
seq(1, 10)## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10The above also brings up another topic: how R resolves function arguments. You can always specify in name = value form. But if you do not, R attempts to resolve by position. So above, it is assumed that we want a sequence from = 1 that goes to = 1. Since we didn't specify step size, the default value of by in the function definition is used, which ends up being 1 in this case. For functions I call often, I might use this "resolve by position" functionality for the first argument or maybe the first two. After that, I always use name = value.
Make this assignment and notice that RStudio helps with quotation marks, just like it did with parentheses.
yo <- "hello world"If you just make an assignment, you don't get to see the value, so then you're tempted to immediately inspect.
y <- seq(1, 10)
y## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10This common action can be shortened by surrounding the assignment with parentheses, which causes assignment and "print to screen" to happen.
(y <- seq(1, 10))## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Not all functions have (or require) arguments:
date()## [1] "Thu Jan 9 13:52:51 2014"Now look at your workspace -- in the upper right pane. The workspace is where user-defined objects accumulate. You can also get a listing of these objects with commands:
objects()
ls()If you want to remove something you can do this
rm(y)To remove everything:
rm(list = ls())or click the broom in the workspace pane.
One day you will need to quit R, go do something else and return to your analysis later, perhaps months or years later.
One day you will have multiple analyses going that use R and you want to keep them separate.
One day you will need to hand an analysis over to someone else to critique, extend, or reuse.
One day you will need to bring data from the outside world into R and send numerical results and figures from R back out into the world.
To handle these real life situations, you need to make two decisions:
What about your analysis is "real", i.e. you will save it as your lasting record of what happened?
Where does your analysis "live"?
As a beginning R user, it's OK to consider your workspace "real". Very soon, I urge you to evolve to the next level, where you consider your saved R scripts as "real". (In either case, of course the input data is very much real and requires preservation!) With the input data and the R code you used, you can reproduce everything. You can make your analysis fancier. You can get to the bottom of puzzling results and discover and fix bugs in your code. You can reuse the code to conduct similar analyses in new projects. You can remake a figure with different aspect ratio or save is as TIFF instead of PDF. Etc etc.
First, let's imagine that you regard your workspace as "real". You save it and reload it over and over again (consciously or unconsciously). It's probably heartbreaking when R or your whole machine crashes and you need to start over. You're going to either redo a lot of typing (making mistakes all the way) or will have to mine your R history for the commands you used. Rather than becoming an expert on managing the R history, a better use of your time and psychic energy is to keep your "good" R code in a script for future reuse.
But, because it can be useful sometimes, go ahead and note that the commands you've recently executed appear in the History tab of the upper right pane.
You don't have to choose right now and the two strategies are not incompatible. First, let's demo the save / reload the workspace approach.
Upon quitting R, you have to decide if you want to save your workspace, for potential restoration the next time you launch R. Depending on your set up, R or your IDE, eg RStudio, will probably prompt you to make this decision.
Before proceeding, make sure your workspace contains a few objects. If you cleaned out your workspace above, you could find some assignments in your command history and use the "To Console" button or copy/paste to resubmit.
Quit R/Rstudio, either from the menu, using a keyboard shortcut, or by typing q() in the Console. You'll get a prompt like this:
Save workspace image to ~/.Rdata?
Note where the workspace image is to be saved and then click Save. This will probably happen in your home directory, but the exact details will be machine- and OS-dependent.
Using your favorite method, visit the directory where the image was saved and verify there is a file named .RData with a very recent modification timestamp. It's binary file, specific to R, so nothing good will come of trying to open and view this file in, e.g., a text editor. You will also see a file .Rhistory, holding the commands submitted in your recent session. This is plain text and feel free to open and view it.
Restart RStudio. In the Console you will see a line like this: [Workspace loaded from ~/.RData]
indicating that your workspace has been restored. Look in the Workspace pane and you'll see the same objects as before. In the History tab of the same pane, you should also see your command history.You're back in business. This way of starting and stopping analytical work will not serve you well for long but it's a start.
Any process running on your computer has a notion of its "working directory". In R, this is where R will look, by default, for files you ask it to load. It is also where, by default, any files you write to disk will go. Chances are your current working directory is the directory we inspected above, i.e. the one where RStudio wanted to save the workspace, which is probably also your home directory.
You can explicitly check your working directory with:
getwd()It is also displayed at the top of the RStudio console.
As a beginning R user, it's OK to let your home directory or any other weird directory on your computer be R's working directory. Very soon, I urge you to evolve to the next level, where you organize your analytical projects into directories and, when working on a project, set R's working directory to the associated directory.
Although I do not recommend it, in case you're curious, you can set R's working directory at the command line like so:
setwd("~/myCoolProject")Although I do not recommend it, you can also use RStudio's Files pane to navigate to a directory and then set it as working directory from the menu: Session --> Set Working Directory --> To Files Pane Location. (You'll see even more options there). Or within the Files pane, choose More and Set As Working Directory.
But there's a better way. A way that also puts you on the path to managing your R work like an expert.
Keeping all the files associated with a project organized together -- input data, R scripts, analytical results, figures -- is such a wise and common practice that RStudio has built-in support for this via it's projects.
http://www.rstudio.com/ide/docs/using/projects
Let's make one to use for the rest of this tutorial. Do this: Projects menu --> Create project.... New Project. The directory name you choose here will be the project name. Call it whatever you want (but bear in mind that good names are short and informative).
Now verify that the directory associated with your project is also the working directory of our current R process:
getwd()I won't print my output here because this document itself does not reside in the RStudio Project we just created and it will be confusing.
Let's enter a few commands in the Console, as if we are just beginning an analytical project. I'm going to set the intercept \(a\) and slope \(b\) of a line, generate some \(x\) values uniformly on the interval \([0, 1]\), and finally generate \(y\) values as \(a + bx\) plus some noise from a Gaussian distribution.
To emulate a real analysis, let's write a numerical result to file for later use -- the average of the \(x\)'s -- and let's save a scatterplot to PDF -- a scatterplot of \(y\) versus \(x\) with the true data-generating line superimposed.
a <- 2
b <- -3
sigSq <- 0.5
x <- runif(40)
y <- a + b * x + rnorm(40, sd = sqrt(sigSq))
(avgX <- mean(x))## [1] 0.4737write(avgX, "avgX.txt")
plot(x, y)
abline(a, b, col = "purple")dev.print(pdf, "toylinePlot.pdf")## pdf
## 2Let's say this is a good start of an analysis and you're ready to preserve the logic and code. Visit the History tab of the upper right pane. Select these commands, skipping any that didn't work or contained typos. Click "To Source". Now you have a new pane containing a nascent R script. Click on the floppy disk to save. Give it a name ending in .R, I used toyline.R and note that, by default, it will go in the directory associated with your project.
Quit RStudio. Inspect the folder associated with your project if you wish. Understand why certain files are or are not there. View the PDF in an external viewer, view the plain text files (the script and the average of the \(x\)'s) any way you wish.
Restart RStudio. Notice that things, by default, restore to where we were earlier, e.g. objects in the workspace, the command history, which files are open for editing, where we are in the file system browser, the working directory for the R process, etc. These are all Good Things.
Change some things about your code. Top priority would be to set a sample size n at the top, e.g. n <- 40, and then replace all the hard-wired 40's with n. Change some other minor-but-detectable stuff, i.e. alter the sample size n, the slope of the line b,the color of the line ... whatever. Clean out your workspace and then practice the different ways to re-run the code:
source('toyline.R') in the Console -- by keyboard shortcut (shift command S) or mouse (click Source in the upper right corner of editor pane or select from the mini-menu accessible from the associated down triangle).Visit your figure in an external viewer to verify that the PDF is changing as you expect.
In your favorite OS-specific way, search your files for "toylinePlot.pdf" and presumably you will find the PDF itself (no surprise) but also the script that created it (toyline.R). This latter phenomenon is a huge win. One day you will want to remake a figure or just simply understand where it came from. If you rigorously save figures to file with R code and not ever ever ever the mouse or the clipboard, you will sing my praises one day. Trust me.
It is traditional to save R scripts with a .R or .r suffix. Follow this convention unless you have some extraordinary reason not to.
Comments start with one or more # symbols. Use them. RStudio helps you (de)comment selected lines with Ctrl+Shift+C (windows and linux) or Command+Shift+C (mac). Also available from the Code menu.
Clean out the workspace, ie pretend like you've just revisited this project after a long absence. The broom icon or rm(list = ls()). Good idea to do this, restart R (available from the Session menu), re-run your analysis to truly check that the code you're saving is complete and correct (or at least rule out obvious problems!).
This workflow will serve you well in the future:
Avoid using the mouse for pieces of your analytical workflow, such as loading a dataset or saving a figure. Terribly important for reproducibility and for making it possible to retrospectively determine how a numerical table or PDF was actually produced (searching on local disk on filename, among .R files, will lead to the relevant script).
Many long-time users never save the workspace, never save .RData files (I'm one of them), never save or consult the history. Once/if you get to that point, there are options available in RStudio to disable the loading of .RData and permanently suppress the prompt on exit to save the workspace (go to Tools->Options->General).
For the record, when loading data into R and/or writing outputs to file, you can always specify the absolute path and thereby insulate yourself from the current working directory. This is rarely useful when using RStudio. My older workflow, based on Emacs + ESS, did use this approach, bu with personal helper functions to ease the pain.
Links that may be relevant -- but may not be!